First author (Year) | Exposure | Outcome | Population | Sample size | Risk estimate | 95% CI | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure during prenatal window | |||||||
Bonner (2005) [33] | Regional total suspended particulates | Breast cancer | Women 35–79, New York | 1166 cases and 2105 controls | OR 2.42 | 0.97–6.09 | > 140 vs < 84 μg/m3 TSP, postmenopausal women |
OR 1.78 | 0.62–5.10 | > 140 vs < 84 μg/m3 TSP, premenopausal women | |||||
Bocskay (2005) [32] | Personal airborne PAH; PAH DNA adducts | Chromosomal aberrations from cord blood | Newborns in Northern Manhattan; Bronx | 60 (32 female, 28 male) | Data not shown for PAH adducts | “No strong association” | |
Airborne PAH β = 0.14 | p = 0.006 | Linear regression line slope | |||||
Cohn (2015) [25] | Maternal o,p’-DDT | Daughter breast cancer | Mothers and adult daughters in Alameda County, CA | 118 cases and 354 controls | OR 3.7 | 1.5–9.0 | Fourth vs first quartile (> 0.78 vs < 0.27 ng/mL) |
Exposure during puberty window | |||||||
Tsai (2015) [82] | Serum PFOA | log-transformed SHBG | Taiwanese girls aged 12–17 | 65 | 2.96 (SE 0.34) vs 3.50 (SE 0.24) | p < 0.05 | Mean PFOA levels 90th vs 50th percentile (> 9.80 vs < 3.63 ng/mL) |
Data not shown | p > 0.05 | FSH and testosterone | |||||
Wolff (2015) [57] | Urinary phenols | Age at breast development | US girls aged 6–8 followed for 7 years | 1239 girls | Enterolactone: HR 0.79 Benzophenone-3: HR 0.80 Triclosan: HR 1.17 2,5-dichlophenol: HR 1.37 | 0.64–0.98 0.65–0.98 0.96–1.43 1.09–1.72 | 5th vs 1st quintiles of biomarkers |
Wolff (2014) [58] | Low and high molecular weight phthalate (MWP) metabolites from urine | Age of breast and pubic hair development | US girls aged 6–8 followed for 7 years | 1239 girls | Pubic hair development age: HR 0.91 Breast development age: HR 0.99 | 0.84–0.99 0.91–1.08 | 5th vs 1st quintiles of high MWP metabolites. Results null for low MWP metabolites. |
Wolff (2010) [59] | Low and high molecular weight phthalate (MWP) metabolites from urine | Stage of breast and pubic hair development | US girls aged 6–8 followed for 1 year | 1151 girls | Pubic hair development: PR 0.94 Breast development: PR 1.03 | 0.88–1.00 0.97–1.10 | 5th vs 1st quintiles of high MWP metabolites. Results attenuated for low MWP metabolites (p = 0.08). |
Windham (2015) [60] | PBDE, PCB, OCP | Tanner stage 2+ vs 1 (breast development) | US girls aged 6–8 followed for 7 years | 645 girls | PBDE: TR 1.05 PCB: TR 1.05 OCP: TR 1.10 | 1.02–1.08 1.01–1.08 1.06–1.14 | 4th vs 1st quartile. Results similar for pubic hair development. |
p,p’-DDT metabolites in serum taken after giving birth (initial DDT exposure likely before age 14 years) | Breast cancer before age 50 | Women in Child Health and Development Studies cohort | 129 cases and 129 matched controls | OR 5.4 | 1.7–17.1 | Highest vs lowest tertile (> 13.90 vs < 8.09 μg/L) | |
Breast cancer diagnosis during ages 50–54 | 153 cases and 432 matched controls | OR 1.88 | 1.37–2.59 | One-unit change in log2 (p,p’-DDT), approximately equal to a 2-fold increase | |||
Exposure during pregnancy | |||||||
Nie (2007) [115] | Regional total suspended particulates at time of first birth | Post-menopausal breast cancer | Women 35–79 in Erie and Niagara Counties | 220 cases and 301 controls | OR 2.57 | 1.16–5.69 | Highest vs lowest quartile |
Bonefeld-Jorgensen (2014) [83] | 16 serum PFAS during pregnancy including 10 PFCA, 5 PFSA, and PFOSA | Breast cancer | Danish National Birth Cohort | 250 cases and 233 controls | PFOSA: RR 1.04 PFHxS: RR 0.66 | 0.99–1.08 0.47–0.94 | Continuous per ng/ml. All other PFAS were null. |
Cohn (2012) [110] | Serum PCB during early postpartum | Breast cancer before age 50 | Women in Child Health and Development Studies cohort | 112 cases with matched controls | PCB 167: OR 0.24 PCB 187: OR 0.35 PCB 203: OR 6.34 | 0.07–0.79 0.11–1.14 1.85–21.7 | Highest vs lowest quartile (> 0.30 vs < 0.08 mmol/l) (> 0.66 vs < 0.38 mmol/l) (> 0.42 vs < 0.34 mmol/l) |