Table 1 Selected expression signatures potentially useful for predicting metastasis-prone breast cancer
From: 'Omic approaches to preventing or managing metastatic breast cancer
Signature | Description |
|---|---|
Breast tumors can be partitioned into distinct molecular subtypes such as basal-like, luminal, HER2-positive, normal-like, claudin-low and others with distinctly different clinical behaviors and outcomes using global or multi-gene expression signatures | |
PAM50 [26] | A 50-gene signature developed to standardize breast cancer subtyping. This study showed that the signature added prognostic and predictive information to standard parameters for patients with breast cancer |
Gene expression signatures correlated with histologic grade, such as the genomic grade index (GGI) and molecular grade index (MGI), can be complementary to histologic grade and used to predict survival and response to chemotherapy | |
Oncotype DX (Genomic Health) [33] | A 21-gene signature initially developed to determine risk of relapse and response to chemotherapy in ER-positive and lymph-node-negative patients |
Mammaprint (Agendia) [34] | A 70-gene signature initially developed for pre-menopausal women but subsequently also found useful for post-menopausal women for prediction of risk of metastasis and chemotherapy response |
Rotterdam (Veridex, Johnson & Johnson) [35] | A 76-gene signature that predicts risk of distant metastasis in lymph-node-negative (ER-positive or ER-negative) patients |
SET index [47] | A 165-gene signature correlated with ER that predicts response to adjuvant endocrine therapy independent of general prognosis |
DLDA30 [49] | A 30-gene predictor of sensitivity to T/FAC chemotherapy |
Several expression signatures correlated with measures of genomic instability have been developed and determined to be predictors of poor prognosis and metastasis | |
Wound [55] | A 512-gene signature that characterizes the response of fibroblasts to serum and is predictive of metastasis and death |
Hypoxia [56] | A 253-gene signature characterizing hypoxia response that is predictive of clinical outcomes in breast and ovarian cancers |
Invasion [57] | A 186-gene signature developed by comparing tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic breast cancer cells as defined by expression of cell-surface proteins CD44 and CD24 or epithelial-specific antigen and CD10; associated with overall survival and metastasis-free survival |
Lung-specific metastasis [58] | A 54-gene signature representing the differences between a parental breast cancer cell line and a derived line selected for ability to metastasize specifically to lung. Individual genes and selected combinations were shown to promote lung metastasis when over-expressed and the signature overall distinguishes between patients with high and low risk for lung metastasis |