Table 1 Mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer [24, 25]
From: Chemotherapy resistance in metastatic breast cancer: the evolving role of ixabepilone
Class of resistance | Drug examples |
|---|---|
Drug transport/sequestration | ABC transporters: P-glycoprotein, multidrug-resistant protein 1 (breast cancer resistance protein) |
Modification of drug target (qualitative and quantitative) | Dihydrofolate reductase, epidermal growth factor receptor; C-KIT mutations; tubulin |
DNA repair/genomic instability | Mismatch repair proteins; caspases, PTEN; p27; microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygosity, topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II |
Regulators of apoptosis | p53; PTEN; Bcl-2, Bcl-x |
Drug metabolism/inactivation | Cytochrome P450; glutathione S-transferase; aldehyde dehydrogenase |