Figure 1

Signalling from receptor tyrosine kinases to Akt is mediated by PI3kinase regulatory subunits and adaptor molecules that activate PI3K, which in turn converts PIP ₂ to PIP ₃ . FOXO, Forkhead family of transcription factors; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; IGF 1/2, insulin-like growth factor 1/2; IL-6, interleukin-6; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa-B; P, phosphate; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol 4,5 diphosphate; PIP₃, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; S6K, S6 kinase.