| Baseline | Post-intervention | 3-month follow-up | Between-group difference post-intervention | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P valuea | Mean (SD) | P valueb | Mean (95% CI) | P valuec | |
Calcium (mg/dL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 10.3 (2.6) | 13.7 (1.9) | 0.09 | 13.4 (1.7) | 0.10 | 3.4 (5.0 to 1.6) | 0.10 |
 Usual care | 10.5 (2.5) | 9.9 (2.6) | 0.67 | – | – | ||
25(OH)D (ng/dL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 21.7 (4.4) | 27.8 (6.7) | 0.09 | 27.4 (6.5) | 0.09 | 6.1 (9.8 to 4.3) | 0.10 |
 Usual care | 21.5 (4.1) | 20.9 (4.0) | 0.57 | – | – | ||
Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 12.1 (3.1) | 15.0 (4.1) | 0.01 | 14.7 (3.5) | 0.01 | 3.1 (5.6 to 1.5) | 0.01 |
 Usual care | 12.3 (3.4) | 12.0 (3.0) | 0.61 | – | – | ||
BSAP (ng/mL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 16.1 (4.6) | 18.0 (5.0) | 0.01 | 17.7 (4.6) | 0.01 | 1.9 (2.4 to 0.55) | 0.001 |
 Usual care | 16.2 (4.3) | 15.9 (4.2) | 0.55 | – | – | ||
CTX (ng/mL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 0.48 (0.1) | 0.44 (0.2) | 0.07 | 0.44 (0.2) | 0.07 | −0.04 (−0.10 to −0.06) | 0.10 |
 Usual care | 0.47 (0.1) | 0.48 (0.2) | 0.74 | – | – | ||
NTX (nMÂ BCE/L) | |||||||
 Exercise | 18.6 (3.1) | 17.7 (2.8) | 0.10 | 17.8 (2.7) | 0.11 | −0.90 (−1.1 to − 0.6) | 0.12 |
 Usual care | 18.4 (2.7) | 18.3 (2.5) | 0.67 | – | – | ||
RANK (pg/mL) | |||||||
 Exercise | 27.4 (6.8) | 26.7 (6.4) | 0.14 | 26.6 (6.1) | 0.14 | −0.70 (−0.9 to − 0.4) | 0.20 |
 Usual care | 26.9 (6.6) | 26.4 (6.5) | 0.34 | – | – | ||
RANKL (pmol/L) | |||||||
 Exercise | 142.5 (18.9) | 146.1 (16.1) | 0.09 | 145.7 (16.2) | 0.09 | 3.6 (5.1 to 1.2) | 0.14 |
 Usual care | 139.8 (18.1) | 148.8 (18.9) | 0.47 | – | – | ||
Whole body BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
 Exercise | 1.22 (0.1) | 1.27 (0.1) | 0.15 | 1.26 (0.1) | 0.16 | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.02) | 0.15 |
 Usual care | 1.20 (0.1) | 1.19 (0.1) | 0.29 | – | – | ||
Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
 Exercise | 1.16 (0.09) | 1.20 (0.09) | 0.09 | 1.20 (0.1) | 0.09 | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.01) | 0.10 |
 Usual care | 1.15 (0.09) | 1.14 (0.09) | 0.57 | – | – | ||
Total hip BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
 Exercise | 0.91 (0.09) | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.17 | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.17 | 0.03 (0.03 to 0.00) | 0.18 |
 Usual care | 0.90 (0.09) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.23 | – | – | ||
Trochanter BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
 Exercise | 0.72 (0.07) | 0.74 (0.07) | 0.18 | 0.74 (0.07) | 0.20 | 0.02 (0.03 to 0.00) | 0.22 |
 Usual care | 0.71 (0.06) | 0.70 (0.06) | 0.43 | – | – | ||
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||
 Exercise | 0.88 (0.1) | 0.90 (0.1) | 0.21 | 0.88 (0.7) | 0.24 | 0.02 (0.03 to 0.00) | 0.21 |
 Usual care | 0.87 (0.1) | 0.86 (0.1) | 0.23 | – | – |