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Table 2 Total coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer a

From: Coffee and tea consumption and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study

Daily coffee intake

Total

No intake

Low intake b

Moderately low intake b

Moderately high intake b

High intake b

P trend c

Per 100 mls

Number of participants

335060

26734

87501

71684

79838

69303

  

Number of breast cancers

10198

813

2542

2213

2518

2112

  

Premenopausal breast cancers

1064

81

246

234

251

252

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)d

 

1.08 (0.83-1.40)

1.00

1.23 (1.02-1.48)

1.11 (0.93-1.34)

1.15 (0.96-1.39)

0.272

1.00 (0.98-1.03)

Postmenopausal breast cancers

9134

732

2296

1979

2267

1860

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)e

 

1.02 (0.94-1.12)

1.00

0.97 (0.91-1.03)

0.97 (0.92-1.03)

0.95 (0.89-1.01)

0.055

0.99 (0.98-0.99)

ER+ and PR+ breast cancers

3206

285

860

670

776

615

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)f

 

0.97 (0.84-1.11)

1.00

0.96 (0.86-1.06)

0.98 (0.88-1.08)

0.91 (0.81-1.01)

0.187

0.99 (0.97-1.00)

ER- and PR- breast cancers

1052

93

269

222

257

211

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)g

 

0.99 (0.78-1.26)

1.00

0.84 (0.70-1.01)

0.89 (0.74-1.06)

0.86 (0.71-1.05)

0.135

0.99 (0.97-1.01)

Analysis by cohort-wide intake

        

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)h

 

0.99 (0.76-1.29)

1.00

1.01 (0.84-1.20)

1.01 (0.83-1.83)

1.09 (0.88-1.35)

0.501

1.00 (0.98-1.03)

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)i

 

1.03 (0.94-1.13)

1.00

0.99 (0.92-1.06)

0.98 (0.91-1.05)

0.95 (0.88-1.02)

0.067

0.99 (0.98-0.99)

  1. aIncludes all 335,060 participants. bCut-off points are based on country specific quartiles of total coffee intake after exclusion of non-coffee consumers. c P for trend is computed by entering the categories as a continuous term (score variable: 0,1,2,3,4) in the Cox model. dIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers (that is, breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 years), and participants who were premenopausal at recruitment. Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, and tea intake. eIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers (excluding participants with premenopausal breast cancers). Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, menopausal status at recruitment, ever use of postmenopausal hormones, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, and tea intake. fHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. gHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor negative and progesterone receptor negative postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. hIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers. Using total coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 4. iIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers. Using total coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 5. CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor.