From: Advances in molecular imaging for breast cancer detection and characterization
Modality | Indication | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Radionuclide imaging | Â | Â | Â |
Positron emission tomography | Detection | Wide range of molecular imaging probes | Limited spatial resolution (improved with use of non-contrast computed tomography) |
 | Response evaluation Tumor characterization | Tracer imaging without perturbing biologic system |  |
 |  |  | Some radiation exposure |
Positron emission mammography | Detection Tumor characterization | More sensitive for smaller tumors Higher spatial resolution | Increased radiation dose Visualization of posterior lesions Variable uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in small and less metabolically active tumors |
Breast-specific gamma imaging | Detection | More sensitive for smaller tumors Heavy compression of breast tissue not required | Associated with radiation exposure Best combined with anatomic imaging (mammography) for optimal screening Longer imaging time |
 |  |  | Some radiation exposure |
Magnetic resonance | Â | Â | Â |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and targeted contrast agents | Tumor characterization | Quantification of tumor perfusion and tumor capillary permeability | Confined space Contrast design limited by need for magnetic atom |
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Tumor characterization | Can measure wide range of molecules No contrast necessary | Limited spatial resolution Challenging to obtain high-quality spectra in routine imaging |
Ultrasound, especially with contrast enhancement | Detection Tumor characterization | Highly portable, inexpensive Molecular microbubble agents possible | Operator dependence Contrast agents confined to vascular space thus far |
Optical imaging | Tumor characterization | Inexpensive, highly portable, and does not necessarily require a contrast agent | Limited depth penetration, challenging spatial localization, and operator dependence |