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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants, according to estrogen/progesterone receptor status*

From: Adipokines, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer recurrence: a cohort study

Characteristic

All

(N= 747)

ER/PR-negative†

(N= 233)

ER/PR-positive†

(N= 514)

P-value‡

Age (yr, mean ± SD)

45.9 ± 9.8

46.4 ± 10.6

45.7 ± 9.4

0.336

Current tobacco use (%)

3.6

3.4

3.7

0.858

Alcohol use above a safe level (%)

    

   >0 and <7 g/week

6.4

7.3

6.0

0.771

   >= 7 g/week

4.7

4.3

4.9

 

Postmenopausal (%)

31.3

36.5

29.0

0.041

Cancer size ≥ 2 cm

21.6

22.3

21.2

0.732

Positive lymph nodes

39.6

38.6

40.1

0.707

Chemotherapy after surgery

76.0

87.1

71.0

<0.001

Adipokines and insulin resistance

    

Adiponectin, median (μg/ml, IQR)§

5.9 (4.1 to 8.0)

5.2 (3.6 to 7.5)

6.1 (4.2 to 8.1)

0.004

   1Q

187

68

119

 

   2Q

187

78

109

 

   3Q

187

35

152

 

   4Q

186

52

134

 

   Leptin, median (ng/ml, IQR)§

6.0 (3.2 to 11.7)

7.8 (3.5 to 12.9)

5.8 (3.2 to 11.2)

0.039

   1Q

187

53

134

 

   2Q

187

45

142

 

   3Q

187

67

20

 

   4Q

186

68

118

 

   HOMA-IR

1.7 (1.4 to 2.4)

1.9 (1.4 to 2.7)

1.7 (1.4 to 2.3)

0.013

   1Q

187

52

135

 

   2Q

187

49

138

 

   3Q

186

60

126

 

   4Q

187

72

115

 

   Insulin (μU/ml, IQR)§

6.7 (5.6 to 8.9)

7.0 (5.6 to 9.8)

6.6 (5.6 to 8.6)

0.179

   1Q

189

63

126

 

   2Q

185

44

141

 

   3Q

186

57

129

 

   4Q

187

69

118

 

   Estradiol (pg/ml, IQR)§

32.3 (14.3 to 89.5)

19.7 (12.7 to 67.2)

39.6 (15.9 to 96.8)

<0.001

   1Q

190

79

111

 

   2Q

184

65

119

 

   3Q

186

43

143

 

   4Q

187

46

141

 

Components of metabolic syndrome

    

   High blood pressure (%) ∥

42.0

38.6

43.6

0.390

   Obesity (%)¶

33.7

36.5

32.5

0.179

   Hyperglycemia (%)**

54.4

56.2

53.5

0.616

   Decreased HDL cholesterol (%)††

60.0

61.8

59.1

0.492

   Elevated triglycerides (%)‡‡

19.1

23.6

17.1

0.037

No. of components of metabolic syndrome (%)

   

   1

25.4

20.2

27.8

0.170

   2

29.3

30.9

28.6

 

   ≥3

35.9

39.1

34.4

 
  1. * Plus-minus values are means ±SD.
  2. † Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) status were classified as ER/PR-negative if ER-negative and PR-negative status, and ER/PR-positive if ER-positive or PR-positive status.
  3. ‡ P-values are for the comparison between ER/PR-negative and ER/PR-positive status. § IQR denotes interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile)
  4. ∥High blood pressure was defined if systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or receiving drug treatment
  5. ¶ Obesity was defined if Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2
  6. ** Hyperglycemia was defined if fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl or receiving drug treatment
  7. †† Decreased HDL cholesterol was defined if HDL cholesterol <50 mg/dl or receiving drug treatment
  8. ‡‡ Elevated triglycerides was defined if triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl or receiving drug treatment