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Table 1 Clinical studies of targeted therapy with anti-sense nucleotides, antibodies, kinase inhibitors and other agents in breast cancer

From: Molecular targeted therapies for breast cancer treatment

Cellular target

Agent

Application

Clinical study

References

TRAIL receptors

TRAIL

BC, gynaecologic malignancies

Phase I

[9, 14]

26S proteasome

Bortezomib

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[22]

 

Bortezomib

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[23]

 

Bortezomib/trastuzumab

Metastatic BC

Phase I

[24]

 

Bortezomib/capecitabine

Metastatic BC

Phase I/II

[25]

mTOR

Everolimus (RAD-001)

Primary BC, neoadjuvant

Phase III, GEPARquinto, GBG 44

[88]

 

Everolimus (RAD-001)

Metastatic BC, bone

Phase II, GBG 41

[89]

  

metastases

  

p53

Ad5CMV-p53 and docetaxel/doxorubicin

Primary BC, neoadjuvant

Phase II

[42]

EGFR

Cetuximab and paclitaxel

Advanced BC

Phase I

[44]

 

Erlotinib

Primary BC, neoadjuvant

Phase I

[50]

 

Trastuzumab and capecitabine versus capecitabine

BC, beyond progression

Phase II, GBG 26,

[90]

EGFR/HER2

Lapatinib and capecitabine versus capecitabine

Advanced BC

Phase III

[60, 61]

 

Lapatinib and paclitaxel

Inflammatory BC, neoadjuvant

Phase II

[62]

 

Lapatinib and paclitaxel/trastuzumab

Primary BC, HER2+, neoadjuvant

Phase III, GBG 47, NeoAltto

[91]

 

Lapatinib and trastuzumab

BC, HER2+

Phase III, GBG 46, ALTTO

[92]

Ras, farnesyl transferase

Tipifarnib and gemcitabine

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[63]

 

Tipifarnib and letrozole

Advanced BC

Phase II

[64]

 

Lonafarnib and anastrozole

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[63]

COX-2

Celecoxib

BC adjuvant

Phase III, GBG 27

[93]

VEGF

Bevacizumab

Metastatic BC

Phase I/II

[68]

 

Bevacizumab

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[69]

 

Bevacizumab and vinorelbine

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[70]

 

Bevacizumab and vinorelbine

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[71]

 

Bevacizumab, docetaxel

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[72]

 

Bevacizumab/trastuzumab, carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel versus trastuzumab carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel

HER-2 positive metastatic BC

Phase II

[73]

 

Bevacizumab, docetaxel

Neo-adjuvant, nonmetastatic, metastatic BC

Phase II

[75]

 

Bevacizumab doxorubicin/docetaxel

Neo-adjuvant, inflammatory, locally advanced

Phase II

[76]

 

Bevacizumab and capecitabine versus capecitabine

Advanced BC

Phase III

[74]

 

Bevacizumab and paclitaxel versus paclitaxel

Advanced BC

Phase III

[5]

 

Bevacizumab and trastuzumab

HER2+, metastatic BC

Phase II

[79]

 

Bevacizumab and docetaxel/trastuzumab versus docetaxol/trastuzumab

HER2+, recurrent or metastatic BC

Phase III

[80]

 

Bevacizumab and letrozole versus letrozole

BC, advanced and metastatic

Phase III, GEICAM/GBG 51

[94]

 

Bevacizumab and erlotinib

Metastatic BC

Phase II

[81]

 

Bevacizumab and everolimus

Advanced solid tumours

Phase I

[82]

  1. BC, breast cancer; COX, cyclo-oxygenase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; TRAIL, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.