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Figure 3 | Breast Cancer Research

Figure 3

From: The use of cystatin C to inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition and morphological transformation stimulated by transforming growth factor-β

Figure 3

CystC and Δ14CystC inhibit NMuMG cell proliferation and invasion. (a) Control, CystC-expressing, or Δ14CystC-expressing NMuMG cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1; from 0 to 5 ng/ml) for 48 hours. Cellular DNA was radiolabeled with [3H]thymidine and quantified by scintillation counting. Data are means ± SEM for two independent experiments presented as the percentage [3H]thymidine incorporation normalized to untreated control cells. CystC and Δ14CystC both significantly decreased DNA synthesis in resting NMuMG cells (*P < 0.05; Student's t-test). (b) Control, CystC-expressing, and Δ14CystC-expressing NMuMG cells were allowed to invade through Matrigel matrices in the absence or presence of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) for 48 hours. Values are means ± SEM for three independent experiments presented as the percentage invasion relative to GFP-expressing NMuMG cells. TGF-β1 significantly enhanced NMuMG cell invasion (*P < 0.05; Student's t-test), a response that was inhibited significantly by CystC and Δ14CystC expression (#P < 0.05; Student's t-test). CystC expression also significantly inhibited tonic NMuMG cell invasion (*P < 0.05; Student's t-test).

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